Adrenal vascular tumors are mainly represented by adrenal cavernous hemangiomas (ACHs) and adrenal cystic lymphangiomas (ACLs). Their radiological features often overlap with malignant tumors, therefore ruling out malignancy becomes mandatory. We analyzed clinical, radiological, and histopathological data to identify specific characteristics of these tumors.

A right adrenal gland may present in the form of adreno-hepatic fusion (AHF), in which the adrenal cells are interspersed among the hepatocytes without septation. This rare, naturally-occurring phenomenon may be associated with preoperative misdiagnosis. We present two cases of adrenal tumor in patients with AHF that were misdiagnosed, despite thorough preoperative work-ups. The findings emphasize the importance of suspecting adrenal tumor arising in AHF for lesions at the periphery of liver segment 7, even when located inside the liver. In addition, AHF can resemble malignant invasion on preoperative images, which further complicates the initial diagnosis.

It remains uncertain whether hand-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy (HAL) has advantages in treating large pheochromocytomas (PHEOs). This study aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of HAL compared to laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA).

Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor, and bilateral pheochromocytomas is even less common. Due to the limited experience with such cases, this study aims to explore the optimal surgical strategy, assess the potential advantages of robotic surgery, and evaluate surgical outcomes for managing bilateral pheochromocytomas.

The selection and extent of application for both total adrenalectomy (TA) and partial adrenalectomy (PA) within this surgical approach continue to be matters of debate. This paper compares the postoperative efficacy and functional indicators of PA and TA to provide comprehensive insights for clinicians to consider the best surgical treatment options.

Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is a rare, benign, non-functioning tumor characterized by the presence of adipose tissue and bone marrow elements. We present the case of a 48-year-old woman with intermittent left flank pain and an incidental finding of an adrenal tumor on computed tomography. The patient underwent laparoscopic tumor resection due to the large size of the tumor. The decision to perform surgery was based on the tumor size and the patient's symptoms. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe surgical technique with low complication rates and shorter hospital stays.

The Toumai MT-1000 Endoscopic Surgical System is a newly developed surgical robot from China. This study evaluates its feasibility, safety, and effectiveness for various urologic procedures based on our single-center experience.

In 1849, Thomas Addison discovered alterations in the adrenal glands at autopsy of three patients who had died with idiopathic anemia. Struck by Addison's work, Charles-Edouard Brown-Séquard demonstrated in 1851 that bilateral adrenalectomy in dogs was fatal. It was not until 1950 that the discovery of the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and their biological effects allowed Kendall, Reichstein and Hench to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Nowadays, autoimmune adrenalitis accounts for almost 80 % of cases diagnosed with Addison's disease. The causes of this serious condition, which doubles the mortality rate of affected patients compared to the general population, have been expanded by genetic and iatrogenic causes. The latter are increasingly associated with immunological cancer therapies. It is essential to educate the patients with Addison's disease to improve the management of their condition and to remain responsive to the many triggers such as stress, infections or surgery. The management of Addison's disease is of interest not only to endocrinologists but also to general medical practitioners and critical care specialists. Recent studies aim to improve the understanding of the physiological and therapeutic effects of hydrocortisone, mineralocorticoids and adrenal androgens.

BACKGROUND Surgery involving the right retroperitoneum can result in lymphatic (chylous) leakage from the cisterna chyli located anterior to the L1 and L2 vertebra or from lymph node dissection. This report describes a 46-year-old woman with retroperitoneal lymphatic (chylous) leak following right adrenalectomy for a nonfunctional adrenal adenoma. CASE REPORT A 46-year-old woman presented with a medical history of hypertension. An adrenal tumor (3.2×2.0 cm) was identified by computed tomography (CT). She was admitted for right retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy. The drainage volume of the drainage tube increased on the second day after surgery. The fluid had a milky and turbid discharge. She was started on a high-protein fat-restricted diet. In addition, 3 mg somatostatin acetate was administered daily. The chylous discharge dramatically decreased. After confirming that there was no increase in discharge, the drainage tube was removed on the 11th postoperative day. There was no recurrence of chylous fluid in 5 months. CONCLUSIONS This report shows that lymphatic (chylous) leak can be a complication of retroperitoneal surgery. The most important factor is the prevention of chylous complications. Even if no lymphatic leakage is found, it is necessary for the laparoscopic surgeon to fully coagulate the lymphatic channels. In most cases, it can be managed with conservative treatment.

Adrenal incidentalomas are increasingly identified through advanced imaging, posing diagnostic challenges due to their varied benign and malignant nature. We present the case of a 29-year-old male who, during evaluation for left renal colic, was found to have a 5.5 cm heterogeneous right adrenal mass on non-contrast CT, initially suggestive of a myelolipoma. Subsequent contrast-enhanced CT supported this diagnosis. However, due to the size of the mass and potential complications, the patient underwent a robotic-assisted adrenalectomy. Histopathological examination unexpectedly revealed a 6.5 cm adrenal ganglioneuroma. This case highlights the difficulties in accurately diagnosing adrenal incidentalomas based solely on imaging, as the features of ganglioneuromas and myelolipomas can occasionally overlap significantly. Ultimately, while imaging plays a critical role in initial assessment, definitive diagnosis often requires histological analysis, underscoring the challenges posed by adrenal incidentalomas in clinical practice.